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<title>Lunex Project</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lunex Project</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Lunex Project</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><span class="label"><a href="Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> </span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Site information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Underground Air Force base</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Controlled by</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Site history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Built</th><td class="infobox-data">Planned to begin after 1967</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">In use</th><td class="infobox-data">Project canceled</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Garrison information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Garrison</th><td class="infobox-data">21 USAF personnel</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The <b>Lunex Project</b> was a <a href="US_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="US Air Force">US Air Force</a> 1958 plan for a crewed lunar landing prior to the <a href="Apollo_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo Program">Apollo Program</a>. The final lunar expedition plan in 1961 was for a 21-person underground Air Force base on the Moon by 1968 at a total cost of $7.5 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-Astronautix_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Astronautix-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary distinction between the later Apollo missions and Lunex was the orbital rendezvous maneuver. The Lunex vehicle, composed of a landing module and a <a href="Lifting_body" title="Lifting body">lifting body</a> return/re-entry module, would land the entire vehicle and all astronauts on the surface, whereas the final Apollo mission involved a separate ascent module leaving the command module and service module connected in lunar orbit with a single astronaut. The original plan for Apollo was for <a href="Direct_ascent" title="Direct ascent">direct ascent</a>, similar to Lunex.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_details">Design details</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Associated_vehicles_(estimates)">Associated vehicles (estimates)</h3></div>

<p><b>Lunex Lunar Lander</b>

</p>

<li>Length: 16.16 m (53.01 ft)</li>

<li>Maximum Diameter: 7.62 m (24.99 ft)</li>

<li>Agency: USAF</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3></div>

<p>Selection of base sites were to be made by automated probes, with <a href="Kepler_(lunar_crater)" title="Kepler (lunar crater)">Kepler crater</a> being a studied location.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

<p>Lunex planned to make its first lunar landing and return in 1967, in order to beat the Soviets and demonstrate conclusively that America could win future international competition in technology with the USSR. The Air Force felt that no achievement short of a lunar landing would have the required historical significance.

</p><p>The use of the <a href="Direct_ascent" title="Direct ascent">direct ascent</a> profile was considered to be the most promising because it eliminated some of the complexities of the <a href="Lunar_orbit_rendezvous" title="Lunar orbit rendezvous">lunar orbit rendezvous</a> that would later be used by Apollo: in particular there would be no need to develop rendezvous techniques in space. The down side was that the Lunex spacecraft would be much heavier than Apollo to carry the extra fuel required to land the entire spacecraft on the Moon and return it to lunar orbit, and consequently a larger rocket would be required to send it to the Moon.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_"Prestige"_milestones">Major "Prestige" milestones</h3></div>

<p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-LunexPlan_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LunexPlan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3.6">: 3.6 </span></sup>

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<th scope="col" width="130">Date

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<th scope="col" width="330">Milestone

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<td>April 1965

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<td>First Manned Orbital Flight (3 Man Space Vehicle)

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<td>July 1966

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<td>First Lunar landing (Cargo)

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<td>September 1966

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<td>Manned Circumlunar Flight

</td></tr>

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<td>August 1967

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<td>Manned lunar landing and Return

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<td>January 1968

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<td>Permanently Manned Lunar Expedition

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Problems">Problems</h3></div>

<p>The main problems to be solved were:<sup id="cite_ref-LunexPlan_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LunexPlan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1.7">: 1.7 </span></sup>

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<ul><li>Re-entry at 11,000 m/s (37,000 ft/s), with the flight path within a two-degree angle to avoid overheating or skipping out of the Earth's atmosphere. The latter would not kill the crew directly, but would leave the Earth-return spacecraft in an elliptical orbit where they might be exposed to excessive radiation in the <a href="Van_Allen_belts" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Allen belts">Van Allen belts</a> before the next re-entry opportunity.</li>

<li>Development of the lunar landing stage, which would have to make a precision landing tail-first on rocket thrust: something never previously tested.</li>

<li>Development of the lunar launching stage, which had no backup capability, so must be extremely reliable and capable of automated checkout on the lunar surface, and capable of putting the crew into the correct orbit to return to Earth.</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Moonbase" title="Moonbase">Moonbase</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Horizon" title="Project Horizon">Project Horizon</a></li>

<li><a href="Colonization_of_the_Moon" title="Colonization of the Moon">Colonization of the Moon</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_A119" title="Project A119">Project A119</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Launching_System" title="Space Launching System">Space Launching System</a></li>

<li><a href="Zvezda_(moonbase)" title="Zvezda (moonbase)">Zvezda (moonbase)</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFMark_Wade2019" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mark Wade (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030625/http://www.astronautix.com/articles/lunex.htm">"Lunex"</a>. <i><a href="Encyclopedia_Astronautica" title="Encyclopedia Astronautica">Encyclopedia Astronautica</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astronautix.com/l/lunex.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-LunexPlan-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LunexPlan_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LunexPlan_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060614174558/http://astronautix.com/data/lunex.pdf">"Lunar Expedition Plan: Lunex"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Space Systems Division, <a href="Air_Force_Systems_Command" title="Air Force Systems Command">Air Force Systems Command</a></i>. May 1961. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronautix.com/data/lunex.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 14, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<ul><li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060614174558/http://astronautix.com/data/lunex.pdf">"Lunar Expedition Plan: Lunex"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Space Systems Division, <a href="Air_Force_Systems_Command" title="Air Force Systems Command">Air Force Systems Command</a></i>. May 1961. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronautix.com/data/lunex.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 14, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMark_Wade2019" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mark Wade (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030625/http://www.astronautix.com/articles/lunex.htm">"Lunex"</a>. <i><a href="Encyclopedia_Astronautica" title="Encyclopedia Astronautica">Encyclopedia Astronautica</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astronautix.com/l/lunex.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mmsseiten.de/wt-001.htm">Projekt "Lunex" (in German)</a></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Marheinecke2000" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Martin Marheinecke (June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mmsseiten.de/wt-001.htm">"Projekt "Lunex" Das geheime Mondflugprogramm der US Airforce in den 1960er Jahren"</a> [Project "Lunex" The US Air Force's secret moon flight program in the 1960s]. <i>mmsseiten.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ktV0BU6T-Zg">When the US Air Force Planned a Moon Landing</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Colonization_of_the_Moon197" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Colonization_of_the_Moon" title="Colonization of the Moon">Colonization of the Moon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">American projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Project_Horizon" title="Project Horizon">Project Horizon</a> (1960s)</li>

<li><a href="Apollo_Applications_Program" title="Apollo Applications Program">Apollo Lunar Base</a> (1970s)</li>

<li>Lunox (1990s)</li>

<li><a href="Lunar_outpost_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar outpost (NASA)">Lunar Outpost</a> (2000s)</li>

<li><a href="Artemis_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis Program">Artemis Base Camp</a> (2030s)</li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soviet and<br>Russian projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Zvezda_(moonbase)" title="Zvezda (moonbase)">Zvezda moonbase</a> (1960s)</li>

<li>KLE Complex Lunar Expedition (1970s)</li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Expeditionary_Complex" title="Lunar Expeditionary Complex">Lunar Expeditionary Complex</a> (1970s)</li>

<li><a href="Energia_Lunar_Expedition" title="Energia Lunar Expedition">Energia Lunar Expedition</a> (1980s)</li>

<li><a href="Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Lunny Poligon</a> (2030s)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese and<br>Russian project</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="International_Lunar_Research_Station" title="International Lunar Research Station">International Lunar Research Station</a> (late 2020s)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>"<a href="Man_Will_Conquer_Space_Soon!" title="Man Will Conquer Space Soon!">Man Will Conquer Space Soon!</a>" (1950s)</li>

<li><a href="Artemis_Project" title="Artemis Project">Artemis Project</a> (1990s)</li>

<li><a href="Human_Lunar_Return_study" title="Human Lunar Return study">Human Lunar Return</a> (1990s)</li>

<li><a href="Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">Chinese Lunar Base</a> (2030s)</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sinus_Roris" title="Sinus Roris">Sinus Roris</a></li>

<li><a href="Eratosthenes_(crater)" title="Eratosthenes (crater)">Eratosthenes</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinus_Medii" title="Sinus Medii">Sinus Medii</a></li>

<li><a href="Montes_Apenninus" title="Montes Apenninus">Montes Apenninus</a></li>

<li><a href="Kepler_(lunar_crater)" title="Kepler (lunar crater)">Kepler</a></li>

<li><a href="Shackleton_(crater)" title="Shackleton (crater)">Shackleton</a></li>

<li><a href="Peary_(crater)" title="Peary (crater)">Peary</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Moonbase" title="Moonbase">Moonbase</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Exploration of the Moon</a></li>

<li><a href="Tourism_on_the_Moon" title="Tourism on the Moon">Tourism on the Moon</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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